Gold(i) complexes, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of treating cancer

ABSTRACT

Gold(I) complexes and gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymers as anticancer therapeutics. The Au(I) ion within the gold(I) complexes is coordinated to two phosphine ligands. The repeating unit formed by Au(I) ion coordinating to dithiocarbamte ligands are connected by Au(I)-Au(l) interactions within the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymers. Also disclosed are methods of synthesis, pharmaceutical compositions incorporating the gold(I) complexes, pharmaceutical compositions incorporating the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymers, and methods of treating cancer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/486,169 filed Apr. 17, 2017, the entire contents ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference.

STATEMENT OF FUNDING ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project was funded by the National Plan for Science and Innovation(MARIFAH)-King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) throughthe Science and Technology Unit at King Fahd University of Petroleum andMinerals (KFUPM) of Saudi Arabia, award No. 14-MED64-04.

STATEMENT REGARDING PRIOR DISCLOSURE BY THE INVENTORS

Aspects of this technology are described in an article “Synthesis,Characterization and in vitro Cytotoxicity of Gold(I) Complexes of2-(Diphenylphosphanyl)ethylamine and Dithiocarbamates” published inJournal of Inorganic and General Chemistry, 2016, 642, (24), 1454-1459,on Nov. 3, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Technical Field

The present invention relates to therapeutic gold(I) complexes, apharmaceutical composition thereof, and a method of treating cancer. Thepresent invention further relates to therapeutic gold(I) dithiocarbamatepolymers, a pharmaceutical composition thereof, and a method of treatingcancer.

Description of the Related Art

The “background” description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventors, to the extent it is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description which may nototherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neitherexpressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentinvention.

The discovery of antitumor properties of cisplatin (B. Rosenberg et al.,Nature. 1965, 205, 698-699; S. J. Lippard et al., Chem. Rev. 2016, 116,3436-3486; and S. M. A. Zoroddu et al., Coord. Chem. Rev. 2015, 284,329-350, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) hastriggered a great deal of interest in the field of anticancermetallodrugs (C. G. Hartinger et al., Drug Discov. Today, 2014, 19,1640-1648; C. M. Che et al., Dalton Trans. 2007, 4884-4892; A. A. Isabet al., Polyhedron 2006, 25, 1633-1645; A. Filipovska et al.,Metallomics, 2011, 3, 863-873; C. Nardon et al., Anticancer Res. 2014,34, 487-492; L. Rodriguez et al., Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2011, 11,921-928; A. Casini et al., Dalton Trans. 2014, 43, 4209-4219; E. R. T.Tiekink, Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2002, 42, 225-248; M. L. Messori etal., Gold Bulletin 2007, 40, 73-81; J. Ruiz et al., Coord. Chem. Rev.2013, 257, 2784-2797; C. M. Che et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44,8786-8801; M. Altaf et al., J. Organomet Chem. 2014, 765, 68-79; D.Fregona et al., Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 1867-1881; L. Cattaruzza et al.,Int. J. Cancer 2011, 128, 206-215; and C. Marzano et al., Int. J. Cancer2011, 129, 487-496, each incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety). In this regard, gold(I) and gold(III) complexes have receivedconsiderable attention (C. F. III Shaw, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2589-2600,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) as they demonstratedifferent mechanisms of cytotoxic action than cisplatin (A. Gautier etal., Metallomics 2012, 4, 23-32, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety). Furthermore, some gold(I) complexes such as Auranofin andMyocrisin have already been used frequently for the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies haverevealed satisfactory anticancer properties of many antirheumaticgold(I)-phosphine complexes including Auranofin (S. H. Park et al., Int.J. Oncol. 2014, 45, 1691-1698; and C. K. Mirabelli et al., Cancer Res.1985, 45, 32-39, each incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety). Despite these recent advances (S. J. Berners-Price et al., JMed Chem. 1990, 33, 1386-1392; S. J. Berners-Price et al., Cancer Res.1986, 46, 5486-5493; P. C. Healy et al., J. Inorg. Biochem. 2010, 104,625-631; F. Caruso et al., J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 1737; F. Caruso etal., Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007, 73, 773-781; V. Gandin et al., Biochem.Pharmacol. 2010, 79, 90-101; K. K. Ooi et al., J. Biol. Inorg. Chem.2015, 20, 855-873; O. Rackham et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007, 74,992-1002; G. Lupidi et al., J. Inorg. Biochem. 2013, 124, 78-87; J. D.Chaves et al., Inorg. Chim. Acta 2014, 414, 85-90; H. Scheffler et al.,Polyhedron 2010, 29, 66-69; M. Ali et al., J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58,4521-4528; Y. Wang et al., J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 1455-1466; R. Hayashiet al., J. Inorg. Biochem. 2014, 137, 109-114; F. K. Keter et al., InorgChem. 2014, 53, 2058-2067; and M. Altaf et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015,95, 464-472, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety),there remains a need to develop more efficient gold(I) anticancer drugs.

In view of the forgoing, one objective of the present invention is toprovide a therapeutic gold(I) complex, a composition comprising thegold(I) complex, and a method of treating cancer. Another objective ofthe present invention is to provide a therapeutic gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymer, a composition comprising the gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymer, and a method of treating cancer.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the disclosure relates to a gold(I) complex of formula(I):

or a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, a tautomer thereof, a stereoisomerthereof, or a mixture thereof,where R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted alkoxy, an optionallysubstituted aryl, an optionally substituted arylalkyl, an optionallysubstituted alkanoyl, an optionally substituted aroyl, a halogen, acyano, and a nitro;R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, anoptionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, andan optionally substituted arylalkyl; andX is an anion.

In one embodiment, the anion is a halide ion, atrifluoromethanesulfonate ion, a hexafluorophosphate ion, atetrafluoroborate ion, or a perchlorate ion.

In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂are a hydrogen, and the anion is Cl⁻.

A second aspect of the disclosure relates to a composition having thegold(I) complex of formula (I) of the first aspect, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient.

In one embodiment, the composition has 0.01-100 μM of the gold(I)complex relative to the total volume of the composition.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/orexcipient is at least one selected from the group consisting of anorganic solvent, an inorganic salt, a surfactant, and a polymer.

A third aspect of the disclosure relates to a method of treating cancer,including administering the composition of the second aspect to asubject in need of therapy.

In one embodiment, the cancer is at least one selected from the groupconsisting of lung cancer, colon cancer, and breast cancer.

In one embodiment, the cancer is resistant to cisplatin.

In one embodiment, 1-300 mg/kg of gold(l) complex of formula (I) isadministered per body weight of the subject.

A forth aspect of the disclosure relates to a gold(I) dithiocarbamatepolymer of formula (II):

or a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, a tautomer thereof, a stereoisomerthereof, or a mixture thereof,where R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, and anoptionally substituted arylalkyl;n is an integer between 2-10000; andwith the proviso that R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are not each an ethyl.

In one embodiment, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are independently anoptionally substituted alkyl or an optionally substituted arylalkyl.

In one embodiment, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are a methyl or a benzyl.

A fifth aspect of the disclosure relates to a composition having thegold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II) of the forth aspect anda pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/orexcipient is at least one selected from the group consisting of anorganic solvent, an inorganic salt, a surfactant, and a polymer.

In one embodiment, the composition has 0.01-100 μM of the gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (H) relative to the total volume ofthe composition.

A sixth aspect of the disclosure relates to a method of treating cancer,including administering a gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula(II),

or a salt thereof a solvate thereof, a tautomer thereof, a stereoisomerthereof, or a mixture thereof, to a subject in need of therapy,where R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, and anoptionally substituted arylalkyl; andn is an integer between 2-10000.

In one embodiment, the cancer is at least one selected from the groupconsisting of lung cancer, colon cancer, and breast cancer.

In one embodiment, the cancer is resistant to cisplatin.

In one embodiment, 1-400 mg/kg of gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer offormula (II) is administered per body weight of the subject.

The foregoing paragraphs have been provided by way of generalintroduction, and are not intended to limit the scope of the followingclaims. The described embodiments, together with further advantages,will be best understood by reference to the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete appreciation of the disclosure and many of the attendantadvantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes betterunderstood by reference to the following detailed description whenconsidered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows the synthesis and structures of gold(I) complexes 1 and 2.

FIG. 2 shows the synthesis of gold(I)-dithiocarbamate polymers (3-5).

FIG. 3 shows the chemical structure of gold(I) complex 1, [Au(AEP)]Cl.

FIG. 4 shows the chemical structure of gold(I) complex 2, [Au(AEP)₂]Cl.

FIG. 5 shows the chemical structure of gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer3, [Au₂(S₂CN(CH₃)₂)₂]_(n).

FIG. 6 shows the chemical structure of gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer4, [Au₂(S₂CN(C₂H₅)₂)₂]_(n).

FIG. 7 shows the chemical structure of gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer5, [Au₂(S₂CN(C₇H₇)₂)₂]_(n).

FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing the concentration dependent in vitrocytotoxicity of complexes (1-5) on the viability of HCT15 cancer cells.

FIG. 9 is a bar graph showing the concentration dependent in vitrocytotoxicity of complexes (1-5) on the viability of MCF7 cancer cells.

FIG. 10 is a bar graph showing the concentration dependent in vitrocytotoxicity of complexes (1-5) on the viability of A549 cancer cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described more fullyhereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some,but not all embodiments of the disclosure are shown.

As used herein, the terms “compound” and “complex” are usedinterchangeably, and are intended to refer to a chemical entity, whetherin a solid, liquid or gaseous phase, and whether in a crude mixture orpurified and isolated.

Unless otherwise specified, “a” or “an” means “one or more”.

As used herein, the term “solvate” refers to a physical association of acompound of this disclosure with one or more solvent molecules, whetherorganic or inorganic. This physical association includes hydrogenbonding. In certain instances, the solvate will be capable of isolation,for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in thecrystal lattice of the crystalline solid. The solvent molecules in thesolvate may be present in a regular arrangement and/or a non-orderedarrangement. The solvate may comprise either a stoichiometric ornonstoichiometric amount of the solvent molecules. Solvate encompassesboth solution phase and isolable solvates. Exemplary solvents include,but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol,isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, ethyl acetate andother lower alkanols, glycerine, acetone, dichloromethane (DCM),dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl acetate (DMA), dimethyl formamide(DMF), isopropyl ether, acetonitrile, toluene, N-methylpyrrolidone(NMP), tetrahydrofuran (THF), tetrahydropyran, other cyclic mono-, di-and tri-ethers, polyalkylene glycols (e.g. polyethylene glycol,polypropylene glycol, propylene glycol), and mixtures thereof insuitable proportions. Exemplary solvates include, but are not limitedto, hydrates, ethanolates, methanolates, isopropanolates and mixturesthereof. Methods of solvation are generally known to those skilled inthe art.

As used herein, the term “tautomer” refers to constitutional isomers oforganic compounds that readily convert by the chemical reaction oftautomerization or tautomerism. The reaction commonly results in theformal migration of a hydrogen atom or proton, accompanied by a switchof a single bond and adjacent double bond. Tautomerism is a special caseof structural isomerism and because of the rapid interconversion;tautormers are generally considered to be the same chemical compound. Insolutions in which tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibriumof the tautomers will be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomersdepends on several factors including, but not limited to, temperature,solvent and pH. Exemplary common tautomeric pairs include, but are notlimited to, ketone and enol, enamine and imine, ketene and ynol, nitrosoand oxime, amide and imidic acid, lactam and lactim (an amide and imidictautomerism in heterocyclic rings), enamine and enamine and anomers ofreducing sugars.

As used herein, the term “stereoisomer” refers to isomeric moleculesthat have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (i.e.constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of theiratoms in space. This contrasts with structural isomers, which share thesame molecular formula, but the bond connection of their order differs.By definition, molecules that are stereoisomers of each other representthe same structural isomer. Enantiomers are two stereoisomers that arerelated to each other by reflection, they are non-superimposable mirrorimages. Every stereogenic center in one has the opposite configurationin the other. Two compounds that are enantiomers of each other have thesame physical properties, except for the direction in which they rotatepolarized light and how they interact with different optical isomers ofother compounds. Diastereomers are stereoisomers not related through areflection operation, they are not mirror images of each other. Theseinclude meso compounds, cis- and trans- (E- and Z-) isomers, andnon-enantiomeric optical isomers. Diastereomers seldom have the samephysical properties. In terms of the present disclosure, stereoisomersmay refer to enantiomers, diastereomers or both.

Conformers (rotamers), or conformational isomerism refers to a form ofisomerism that describes the phenomenon of molecules with the samestructural formula but with different shapes due to rotations about oneor more bonds. Different conformations can have different energies, canusually interconvert, and are very rarely isolatable. There are somemolecules that can be isolated in several conformations. Atropisomersare stereoisomers resulting from hindered rotation about single bondswhere the steric strain barrier to rotation is high enough to allow forthe isolation of the conformers. In terms of the present disclosure,stereoisomers may refer to conformers, atropisomers, or both.

In terms of the present disclosure, stereoisomers of the double bonds,ring systems, stereogenic centers, and the like can all be present inthe compounds, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in thepresent disclosure. Cis- and trans- (or E- and Z-) stereoisomers of thecompounds of the present disclosure wherein rotation about the doublebond is restricted, keeping the substituents fixed relative to eachother, are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or asseparated isomeric forms. S- and R- (or L- and D-) stereoisomers of thecompounds of the present disclosure are described and may be isolated asa mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms. All processes ormethods used to prepare compounds of the present disclosure andintermediates made therein are considered to be part of the presentdisclosure. When stereoisomeric products are prepared, they may beseparated by conventional methods, for example, by chromatography,fractional crystallization, or use of a chiral agent.

As used herein, the term “substituted” refers to replacing at least onehydrogen atom of a molecule with a non-hydrogen functional group. Suchnon-hydrogen functional groups can independently include, for example,one or more of the following: alkyl (as defined hereinafter), cycloalkyl(as defined hereinafter), aroyl (as defined hereinafter), alkoxy (i.e.straight or branched chain alkoxy includes, for example, methoxy,ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, secondary butoxy,tertiary butoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy,nonyloxy, and decyloxy), alkenyl (which includes hydrocarbon chains of aspecified number of carbon atoms of either a straight- orbranched-configuration and at least one unsaturation, which may occur atany point along the chain, such as ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl,dimethyl pentenyl, and the like), aryl (as defined hereinafter), aryloxy(e.g., phenoxy, and phenoxy substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkoxy,and/or haoalkyl such as fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, bromomethyl,iodomethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 3-chloropropyl,3-bromopropyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 4-fluorobutyl,dichloromethyl, dibromomethyl, difluoromethyl, diiodomethyl,2,2-dichloroethyl, 2,2-dibromoethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl,3,3-dichloropropyl, 3,3-difluoropropyl, 4,4-dichlorobutyl,4,4-difluorobutyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl,2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl), arylalkyl (as defined hereinafter),aryloxyalkyl (e.g., phenyloxyalkyl), arylacetamidoyl, alkylaryl,heteroarylalkyl, alkylcarbonyl and arylcarbonyl or other such acylgroup, heteroarylcarbonyl, or heteroaryl group, cyano, nitro, halogen(as defined hereinafter), and the like, or mixtures thereof.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a fully saturated branched,or unbranched hydrocarbon fragment. Representative examples of suchalkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl,isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, 3-methylhexyl,2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl,n-decyl and the like.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to saturated or unsaturatedmonocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic alkyl groups. Exemplary monocyclicalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl and cyclohexenyl and the like.Exemplary bicyclic alkyl groups include bornyl, indyl, hexahydroindyl,tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl,bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl,6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl,bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl and the like. Exemplary tricyclic alkyl groupsinclude adamantyl and the like.

The term “aryl”, as used herein, includes aromatic monocyclic ormulticyclic (e.g., tricyclic, bicyclic), hydrocarbon ring systemsconsisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms, where the ring systems may bepartially saturated. Aryl groups include, but are not limited to,phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthryl andtetralin.

The term “arylalkyl”, as used herein, refers to a straight or branchedchain alkyl moiety having 1 to 8 carbon atoms that is substituted by anaryl group as defined herein, and includes, but is not limited to,benzyl, phenethyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl,2,4-dimethylbenzyl, 2-(4-ethylphenyl)ethyl, 3-(3-propylphenyl)propyl,and the like.

The term “alkanoyl”, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group ofspecified number of carbon atoms that is bound to an oxygen atom througha double bond. Exemplary alkanoyl groups include, but are not limitedto, formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, butyryl, and hexanoyl.

The term “aroyl” as used in this disclosure refers to an aromaticcarboxylic acyl group includes, for example, benzoyl, 1-naphthoyl, and2-naphthoyl.

The term “halogen”, as used herein, means fluoro, chloro, bromo andiodo.

The term “anion” means a negatively charged ion including, but notlimited to, halides, such as fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide,nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate,p-toluenesulfonate, salicylate, malate, maleate, succinate, tartrate,citrate, acetate, perchlorate, trifluoromethanesulfonate,acetylacetonate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, andhexafluoroacetylacetonate.

The present disclosure is further intended to include all isotopes ofatoms occurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atomshaving the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way ofgeneral example, and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen includedeuterium and tritium. Isotopes of carbon include ¹³C and ¹⁴C.Isotopically labeled compounds of the invention can generally beprepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art orby processes and methods analogous to those described herein, using anappropriate isotopically labeled reagent in place of the non-labeledreagent otherwise employed.

The first aspect of the disclosure relates to a gold(I) complex offormula (I):

or a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, a tautomer thereof, a stereoisomerthereof, or a mixture thereof,where R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted alkoxy, an optionallysubstituted aryl, an optionally substituted arylalkyl, an optionallysubstituted alkanoyl, an optionally substituted aroyl, a halogen, acyano, and a nitro;R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, anoptionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, andan optionally substituted arylalkyl; andX is an anion.

In one embodiment, the anion is a halide ion, atrifluoromethanesulfonate ion, a hexafluorophosphate ion, atetrafluoroborate ion, or a perchlorate ion.

In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂are a hydrogen, and the anion is Cl⁻.

Previous structural studies on gold(I) complexes withamino-/imino-phosphines have revealed that gold center in thesecomplexes is usually coordinated only by phosphorus atoms adopting alinear environment. The nitrogen atom does not bind to the metal atom(T. Traut-Johnstone et al., J. Inorg. Biochem. 2015, 145, 108-120; H.Chiririwa et al., Polyhedron 2013, 49, 29-35; and M. F. Fillat et al.,Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 9, 1487-1495, each incorporated herein byreference in their entirety). The gold(I) complex of the first aspectmay be prepared by mixing a gold(I) precursor with a phosphine ligand,e.g. 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethanamine. Exemplary gold(I) precursors usedherein include, but are not limited to,chloro(tetrahydrothiophene)gold(I), chloro(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I),bromo(tetrahydrothiophene)gold(I), andchloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I).

As used herein, the term “solvent” includes, but is not limited to,organic solvents, e.g. alcohols such as methanol, ethanol,trifluoroethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol,t-butanol, n-pentanol, i-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol,2-trifluoromethyl-2-propanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, 3-pentanol,3-methyl-3-pentanol, 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol,2,3-dimethyl-3-pentanol, 3-ethyl-3-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-hexanol,3-hexanol, cyclopropylmethanol, cyclopropanol, cyclobutanol,cyclopentanol, and cyclohexanol, amide solvents such asdimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,aromatic solvents such as benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, andmixtures of xylenes, toluene, mesitylene, anisole, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene,α,α,α,-trifluoromethylbenzene, and fluorobenzene, chlorinated solventssuch as chlorobenzene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane,1,1-dichloroethane, and chloroform, ester solvents such as ethylacetate, and propyl acetate, ethers such as diethyl ether,tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydropyran, t-butyl methyl ether,cyclopentyl methyl ether, and di-isopropyl ether, glycol ethers such as1,2-dimethoxyethane, diglyme, and triglyme, acetonitrile, propionitrile,butyronitrile, benzonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, water, e.g. tap water,distilled water, doubly distilled water, deionized water, and deionizeddistilled water, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the solvent isdichloromethane.

The phosphine ligand, e.g. 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethanamine, may bedissolved in a solvent to give a solution with a concentration in arange of 0.01-1 M, preferably 0.05-0.5 M, more preferably 0.1-0.25 M.The gold(I) precursor may be dissolved in a solvent to give a solutionwith a concentration in a range of 0.01-1 M, preferably 0.05-0.5 M, morepreferably 0.1-0.25 M. The solution may be cooled to a temperature in arange of −15 to 5° C., preferably −5 to 0° C. The solution may be cooledwith an external cooling source such as an ice bath with or withoutsalt, or a thermostatted thermocirculator. The solution of the gold(I)precursor may be added to the solution of the phosphine ligand dropwiseto form a mixture. The mixture can be agitated for about 0.5-12 hours,preferably 1-6 hours, more preferably 2-4 hours. The mixture may beagitated by stirring utilizing a magnetic stirrer, an overhead stirrer,a vortexer, or a rotary shaker, with a speed of at least 100 rpm,preferably at least 300 rpm, more preferably at least 500 rpm. In oneembodiment, the mixture is agitated by mixing using a centrifugal mixerwith a rotational speed of at least 250 rpm, preferably at least 500rpm, more preferably at least 1000 rpm. In one embodiment, the mixtureis mixed with a spatula. In one embodiment, the mixture is agitated bysonication. In another embodiment, the mixture is left to stand withoutbeing stirred.

The mixture may then be filtered to collect a solution. The solution maybe concentrated by evaporating a solvent to yield a crude gold(I)complex of formula (I). The crude gold(I) complex of formula (I) may befurther purified by methods known to those skilled in the art, forexample, aqueous workup, extraction with solvents, distillation,recrystallization, column chromatography, and high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC). Preferably, recrystallization is used to yieldthe gold(I) complex. Specifically, a mixture of acetone anddichloromethane is chosen for the recrystallization. The yield of thegold(I) complex is at least 40%, preferably at least 65%, morepreferably at least 85% by mole, based on the total moles of the gold(I)precursor as a starting material.

The second aspect of the disclosure relates to a gold(I) dithiocarbamatepolymer of formula (II):

or a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, a tautomer thereof, a stereoisomerthereof, or a mixture thereof,where R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, and anoptionally substituted arylalkyl;n is an integer between 2-10000; andwith the proviso that R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are not each an ethyl.

In some embodiments, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are independently anoptionally substituted alkyl or an optionally substituted arylalkyl. Inone embodiment, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are a methyl or a benzyl.

Formula (II) may represent the smallest repeating unit of the Au(I) . .. Au(I) bonded gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymeric structure, wherein ndenotes the degree of polymerization.

Aurophilicity refers to the tendency of gold complexes to aggregate viaformation of Au . . . Au bonds. The main evidence for aurophilicity isfrom the crystallographic analysis of Au(I) complexes (D. Paliwoda etal., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 2182-2188; and R. J. Roberts et al.,Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 3148-3150, each incorporated herein by referencein their entirety). The gold-gold bond usually has a length of about 3.0Å and a strength of about 7-12 kcal/mol (H. Schmidbaur, Gold Bulletin2000, 33, 3-10; and W. J. Hunks et al., Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41,4590-4598, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety),which is comparable to the strength of a hydrogen bond.

As used herein a “polymer” or “polymeric structure” refers to a largemolecule or macromolecule, of many repeating subunits and/or substancescomposed of macromolecules. As used herein a “monomer” refers to amolecule or compound that may bind chemically to other molecules to forma polymer. As used herein the term “repeat unit” or “repeating unit”refers to a part of the polymer whose repetition would produce thecomplete polymer chain (excluding the end groups) by linking therepeating units together successively along the chain. The term “degreeof polymerization” refers to the number of repeating units in amacromolecule or polymer.

In most embodiments, degree of polymerization n is an integer between 2to 10000. Preferably, n is 2-5000, more preferably 2-4000, morepreferably 2-3000, more preferably 3-2000, more preferably 3-1000, morepreferably 3-500, more preferably 3-250, more preferably 4-100, morepreferably 4-50, more preferably 4-25, more preferably 4-10. It isequally envisaged that values for n may fall outside of these ranges andstill provide suitable polymeric structure of formula (II).

The gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II) of the second aspectmay be prepared by mixing the gold(I) precursor described previouslywith a dithiocarbamate salt. Exemplary gold(I) precursors used hereininclude, but are not limited to, chloro(tetrahydrothiophene)gold(I),chloro(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I), bromo(tetrahydrothiophene)gold(I), andchloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(l).

The dithiocarbamate salt may be represented by the following formula:

where M⁺ is an alkali metal cation (e.g. sodium, potassium, cesium,lithium, silver, and rubidium), an ammonium cation, an optionallysubstituted alkylammonium cation (e.g. dimethylammonium,diethylammonium, triethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium,tributylmethylammonium, trioctylmethylammonium, and benzylammoniumcations), an optionally substituted arylammonium cation (e.g.phenylammonium, and diphenylammonium cations), or an optionallysubstituted alkylarylammonium cation (e.g. dimethylphenylammonium, andtrimethylphenylammonium cations), and R_(x) and R_(y) are independentlyselected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, an optionallysubstituted alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionallysubstituted aryl, and an optionally substituted arylalkyl.

Exemplary dithiocarbamate salts include, without limitation, sodiumdimethyldithiocarbamate, potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate, sodiumdiethyldithiocarbamate, potassium diethyldithiocarbamate, and sodiumdibenzyldithiocarbamate.

The gold(I) precursor, e.g. chloro(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I), may bedissolved in a solvent to give a solution with a concentration of thegold(I) precursor in a range of 0.005-1 M, preferably 0.01-0.5 M, morepreferably 0.05-0.25 M. The dithiocarbamate salt may be dissolved in asolvent to give a solution with a concentration of the dithiocarbamatesalt in a range of 0.005-1 M, preferably 0.01-0.5 M, more preferably0.05-0.25 M. The solution of the dithiocarbamate salt may be added tothe solution of the gold(I) precursor at a temperature of 5-40° C.,preferably 10-30° C., more preferably 15-25° C. to form a mixture. Themixture can be agitated at a temperature of 5-40° C., preferably 10-30°C., more preferably 15-25° C. for about 0.5-18 hours, preferably 1-12hours, more preferably 4-8 hours. The mixture may then be agitated bystirring utilizing a magnetic stirrer, an overhead stirrer, a vortexer,or a rotary shaker, with a speed of at least 100 rpm, preferably atleast 300 rpm, more preferably at least 500 rpm. In one embodiment, themixture is agitated by mixing using a centrifugal mixer with arotational speed of at least 250 rpm, preferably at least 500 rpm, morepreferably at least 1000 rpm. In one embodiment, the mixture is mixedwith a spatula. In another embodiment, the mixture is agitated bysonication. In another embodiment, the mixture is left to stand withoutbeing stirred.

The mixture may then be filtered to collect a solution. The solution maybe concentrated by evaporating a solvent to yield the gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II). In another embodiment, thesolution may be left for crystallization and yield the gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II). The yield of the gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymer is at least 50%, preferably at least 75%, morepreferably at least 90% by weight.

The third aspect of the disclosure relates to a composition having thegold(I) complex of formula (I) of the first aspect, the salt thereof,the solvate thereof, the tautomer thereof, the stereoisomer thereof, orthe mixture thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/orexcipient. The third aspect of the disclosure further relates to acomposition having the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II)of the second aspect, the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, thetautomer thereof, the stereoisomer thereof, or the mixture thereof, anda pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient. In someembodiments, the compositions mentioned above having either the gold(I)complex of formula (I) or the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula(II) are suitable for administering to a subject in need thereof.

As used herein, the term “composition” refers to a mixture of the activeingredient with other chemical components, such as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers and excipients. The composition may be manufacturedusing any of a variety of processes, including, without limitation,conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, levigating, emulsifying,encapsulating, entrapping, and lyophilizing. The pharmaceuticalcomposition can take any of a variety of forms including, withoutlimitation, a sterile solution, suspension, emulsion, lyophilisate,tablet, pill, pellet, capsule, powder, syrup, elixir or any other dosageform suitable for administration.

As used herein, the term “active ingredient” refers to an ingredient inthe composition that is biologically active, for example, the gold(I)complex of formula (I), a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, a tautomerthereof, and a stereoisomer thereof, the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymerof formula (II), a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, a tautomer thereof,and a stereoisomer thereof, or both.

As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier orexcipient” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, compositionor vehicle such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, binder,manufacturing aid (e.g. lubricant, talc magnesium, calcium or zincstearate, or steric acid), or solvent encapsulating material, involvedin carrying or transporting the subject compound from one organ, orportion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Eachcarrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with theother ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.

Exemplary materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers include, but are not limited to: (1) sugars, such as lactose,glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potatostarch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powderedtragancanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such ascocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil,cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil andsoybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, suchas glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters,such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) bufferingagents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginicacid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer'ssolution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21)polyesers, polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides; (22) other non-toxiccompatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations andmixtures thereof.

Non-limiting examples of specific uses of pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers can be found in, e.g. “Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and DrugDelivery Systems” (Howard C. Ansel et al., eds., Lippincott Williams &Wilkins Publishers, 7^(th) edition 1999); “Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy” (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, 20^(th) edition 2000); “Goodman & Gilman's The PharmacologicalBasis of Therapeutics” Joel G. Hardman et al., eds., McGraw-HillProfessional, 10^(th) edition. 2001); and “Handbook of PharmaceuticalExcipients” (Raymond C. Rowe et al., APhA Publications, 4^(th) edition2003), each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In another embodiment, wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, suchas sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloringagents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring andperfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants may also be present inthe compositions described herein. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptableantioxidants include, but are not limited to: (1) water solubleantioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodiumbisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2)oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propylgallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents,such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol,tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier orexcipient is a binder. As used herein, “binders” refers to materialsthat hold the ingredients in a tablet together. Binders ensure thattablets and granules can be formed with the required mechanicalstrength, and give volume to low active dose tablets. Exemplarypharmaceutically acceptable binders include, but are not limited to: (1)saccharides and their derivatives, such as sucrose, lactose, starches,cellulose or modified cellulose such as microcrystalline cellulose,carboxy methyl cellulose, and cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), and sugar alcohols such as xylitol, sorbitol ormaltitol; (2) proteins such as gelatin; and (3) synthetic polymersincluding polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Binders can be classified according to their application. Solutionbinders are dissolved in a solvent (i.e. water or alcohol in wetgranulation processes). Exemplary solution binders include, but are notlimited to, gelatin, cellulose, cellulose derivatives,polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch, sucrose and polyethylene glycol. Drybinders are added to the powder blend, either after a wet granulationstep, or as part of a direct powder compression (DC) formula. Exemplarydry binders include, but are not limited to, cellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol. In terms of thepresent disclosure, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipientmay be a solution binder, a dry binder or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/orexcipient used herein may be an organic solvent, an inorganic salt, asurfactant, and/or a polymer.

Exemplary inorganic salts include, without limitation, calciumcarbonate, calcium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassiumhydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, andmagnesium trisilicate.

Surfactants that may be present in the compositions of the presentdisclosure include zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants, e.g.,phosphatidylcholine, and3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS),anionic surfactants, e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium octanesulfonate, sodium decane sulfonate, and sodium dodecane sulfonate,non-ionic surfactants, e.g., sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitanmonopalmitate, sorbitan trioleate, polysorbates such as polysorbate 20(Tween 20), polysorbate 60 (Tween 60), and polysorbate 80 (Tween 80),cationic surfactants, e.g., decyltrimethylammonium bromide,dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide,tetradecyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride, and dodecylammonium chloride, andcombinations thereof.

Exemplary polymers include, without limitation, polylactides,polyglycolides, polycaprolactones, polyanhydrides, polyamides,polyurethanes, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polydioxanones,polyacetals, polyketals, polycarbonates, polyorthocarbonates,polyphosphazenes, polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates,polyalkylene oxalates, polyalkylene succinates, poly(malic acid),poly(amino acids), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol,polyhydroxycellulose, chitin, chitosan, and copolymers, terpolymers, orcombinations or mixtures thereof.

In most embodiments, the composition has at least about 1 wt %, at leastabout 5 wt %, at least about 10 wt %, at least about 20 wt %, at leastabout 30 wt %, at least about 40 wt %, at least about 50 wt %, at leastabout 60 wt %, at least about 70 wt %, at least about 80 wt %, at leastabout 90 wt %, at least about 99 wt %, or at least about 99.9 wt % ofthe gold(I) complex of formula (I) of the first aspect, the saltthereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomer thereof, the stereoisomerthereof, or the combination thereof. The composition may have 0.01-100μM, 0.1-50 μM, 1-25 μM, or 5-12.5 μM of the gold(I) complex of formula(I) relative to the total volume of the composition. In someembodiments, the composition has up to 0.1 wt %, up to 1 wt %, up to 5wt %, or up to 10 wt % of the solvate thereof. In most embodiments, thecomposition further comprises pharmaceutically acceptable carriers suchas buffers and/or DMSO.

In most embodiments, the composition has at least about 1 wt %, at leastabout 5 wt %/b, at least about 10 wt %, at least about 20 wt %, at leastabout 30 wt %, at least about 40 wt %, at least about 50 wt %, at leastabout 60 wt %, at least about 70 wt %, at least about 80 wt %, at leastabout 90 wt %, at least about 99 wt %, or at least about 99.9 wt % ofthe gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II) of the secondaspect, the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomer thereof, thestereoisomer thereof, or a combination thereof. The composition may have0.01-100 μM, 0.1-50 μM, 1-25 μM, or 5-12.5 μM of the gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II) relative to the total volume ofthe composition. In some embodiments, the composition has up to 0.1 wt%, up to 1 wt %, up to 5 wt %, or up to 10 wt % of the solvate thereof.In most embodiments, the composition further comprises pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers such as buffers and/or DMSO.

Depending on the route of administration e.g. oral, parental, ortopical, the composition may be in the form of solid dosage form such astablets, caplets, capsules, powders, and granules, semi-solid dosageform such as ointments, creams, lotions, gels, pastes, andsuppositories, liquid dosage forms such as solutions, and dispersions,inhalation dosage form such as aerosols, and spray, or transdermaldosage form such as patches.

In other embodiments, the composition having the gold(I) complex offormula (I) of the first aspect, the salt thereof, the solvate thereof,the tautomer thereof, the stereoisomer thereof, or the combinationthereof, and the composition having the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymerof formula (II) of the second aspect, the salt thereof, the solvatethereof, the tautomer thereof, the stereoisomer thereof, or acombination thereof have different release rates categorized asimmediate release and sustained release.

The term “immediate release” refers to the release of a substantialamount of an active ingredient immediately upon administration.Typically, an immediate release indicates a complete (100%) or less thancomplete (e.g. about 70% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% or more,about 85% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, about 99% ormore, 99.9%, or 99.9%) dissolution of an active ingredient within 1-60minutes, 1-30 minutes, or 1-15 minutes after administration.

The term “sustained release” refers to the release of an activeingredient from a composition and/or formulation over an extended periodof time. In some embodiments, a sustained release indicates adissolution of an active ingredient over a period of time up to 30minutes, 60 minutes, 3 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours upon administration. Inone embodiment, the compositions described herein do not have asustained release.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration may include capsules,tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, theactive ingredients are ordinarily combined with one or more adjuvantsappropriate to the indicated route of administration. If administeredper os, the active ingredients can be admixed with lactose, sucrose,starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, cellulose alkylesters, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodiumand calcium salts of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, gelatin, acacia gum,sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, andthen tableted or encapsulated for convenient administration. Suchcapsules or tablets can contain a controlled release formulation as canbe provided in a dispersion of active compound in hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage formscan also include buffering agents such as sodium citrate, magnesium orcalcium carbonate or bicarbonate. Tablets and pills can additionally beprepared with enteric coatings.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can include pharmaceuticallyacceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirscontaining inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water. Suchcompositions can also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting agents,emulsifying and suspending agents, and sweetening, flavoring, andperfuming agents.

The term “parenteral”, as used herein, includes subcutaneous,intravenous, intramuscular, and intrasternal injection, or infusiontechniques. For therapeutic purposes, formulations for parenteraladministration can be in the form of aqueous or non-aqueous isotonicsterile injection solutions or suspensions. These solutions andsuspensions can be prepared from sterile powders or granules having oneor more of the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipientsmentioned for use in the formulations for oral administration. Theactive ingredients can be dissolved in water, polyethylene glycol,propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesameoil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, and/or various buffers. Otheradjuvants and modes of administration are well and widely known in thepharmaceutical art.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspensions, can be formulated according to the known artusing suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. Thesterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solutionor suspension in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or solvent. Amongthe pharmaceutically acceptable diluents and solvents that may beemployed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloridesolution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employedas a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oilmay be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition,fatty acids such as oleic acid are useful in the preparation ofinjectables. Dimethyl acetamide, surfactants including ionic andnon-ionic detergents, and polyethylene glycols can be used. Mixtures ofsolvents and surfactants such as those discussed above are also useful.

Topical administration may involve the use of transdermal administrationsuch as transdermal patches or iontophoresis devices. Formulation ofdrugs is discussed in, for example, Hoover, J. E. Remington'spharmaceutical sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1975; andLiberman, H. A.; Lachman, L., Eds. Pharmaceutical dosage forms, MarcelDecker, New York, N.Y., 1980, which are incorporated herein by referencein their entirety.

The forth aspect of the disclosure relates to a method of treatingcancer, including administering the compositions of the third aspect toa subject in need of therapy. The forth aspect of the disclosure furtherrelates to a method of treating cancer, including administering agold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II),

or a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, a tautomer thereof, a stereoisomerthereof, or a mixture thereof, to a subject in need of therapy,where R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, and anoptionally substituted arylalkyl; andn is an integer between 2-10000.

As used herein, the terms “treat”, “treating”, and “treatment” includean administration of active ingredients, compounds, or compositions ofthe current disclosure to prevent, reduce, or delay the onset of thesymptoms or complications of a disease, alleviating or ameliorating thesymptoms or arresting or inhibiting further development of the disease.“Treating” further refers to any indicia of success in the treatment oramelioration or prevention of the disease, condition, or disorder,including any objective or subjective parameter such as abatement;remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the disease condition moretolerable to the patient; slowing in the rate of degeneration ordecline; or making the final point of degeneration less debilitating.The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective orsubjective parameters; including the results of an examination by aphysician. Accordingly, the term “treating” includes the administrationof the compounds or agents of the disclosure to prevent or delay, toalleviate, or to arrest or inhibit development of the symptoms orconditions associated with cell proliferation, cancer and metastasis.

The term “therapeutic effect” refers to the reduction, elimination, orprevention of the disease, symptoms of the disease, or side effects ofthe disease in the subject. “Treating” or “treatment” using the methodsof the invention includes preventing the onset of symptoms in a subjectthat can be at increased risk of immune system over-activation but doesnot yet experience or exhibit symptoms, inhibiting the symptoms ofimmune system over-activation (slowing or arresting its development),providing relief from the symptoms or side-effects of the condition, andrelieving the symptoms of the condition (causing regression). Treatmentcan be prophylactic (to prevent or delay the onset of the disease, or toprevent the manifestation of clinical or subclinical symptoms thereof)or therapeutic suppression or alleviation of symptoms after themanifestation of the disease or condition.

The term “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably. As usedherein, they refer to any subject for whom or which therapy, includingwith the compositions according to the present invention is desired. Inmost embodiments, the subject is a mammal, including but is not limitedto a human, a non-human primate such as a chimpanzee, a domesticlivestock such as a cattle, a horse, a swine, a pet animal such as adog, a cat, and a rabbit, and a laboratory subject such as a rodent,e.g. a rat, a mouse, and a guinea pig. In preferred embodiments, thesubject is a human.

A subject in need of therapy includes a subject already carrying thedisease, a subject being suspected of carrying the disease, and asubject predisposed to the disease. In preferred embodiments, thesubject in need of therapy is a human carrying cancer, being suspectedof carrying cancer, or predisposed to cancer. In one embodiment, thecancer is at least one selected from the group consisting of lungcancer, colon cancer, and breast cancer.

Mechanistic studies have suggested that, in contrast to cisplatin, DNAis not the primary target for gold(I) based anticancer complexes.Instead, thiol/selenol containing proteins such as thioredoxin reductase(TrxRa) are the most relevant targets for bioactive gold(I) compounds(S. J. Bemers-Price et al., Metallomics, 2011, 3, 863-873; J. C. Lima etal., Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2011, 11, 921-928; P. J. Barnard etal., Coord. Chem. Rev. 2007, 251, 1889-1902; A. Bindoli et al., Coord.Chem. Rev. 2009, 253, 1692-1707; F. Magherini et al., J. Biol. Inorg.Chem. 2010, 15, 573-582; M. P. Rigobello et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 2002,136, 1162-1168; C. Marzano et al., Free Rad. Biol. Med. 2007, 42,872-881; and L. E. Wedlock et al., Metallomics 2011, 3, 917-925, eachincorporated herein by reference in their entirety).

Therefore, in at least one embodiment, the subject refers to a cancerpatient who has been previously treated and/or administered withcisplatin and develops cisplatin resistance due to reduced intracellulardrug accumulation, overexpression of HER-2/neu and the PI3-K/Aktpathway, increase in DNA damage repair, dysfunction of tumor-suppressorp53, loss of pAMT function, and/or overexpression of antiapoptoticbcl-2.

The neoplastic activity of the tumor or cancer cells may be originatedor localized in one or more of the following: blood, brain, bladder,lung, cervix, ovary, colon, rectum, pancreas, skin, prostate gland,stomach, intestine, breast, liver, spleen, kidney, head, neck, testicle,bone (including bone marrow), thyroid gland, and central nervous system.Preferably, the composition may be used to treat lung cancer, coloncancer and/or breast cancer. In some embodiments, the composition isused to treat cisplatin-resistant lung cancer, colon cancer and/orbreast cancer.

The terms “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount”, asused herein, refer to a sufficient amount of the active ingredient beingadministered which will relieve to some extent one or more of thesymptoms of the disease, disorder, or condition being treated. In someembodiments, the result is a reduction and/or alleviation of the signs,symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of abiological system. For example, an “therapeutically effective amount” isthe amount of the gold(I) complex of formula (I), the salt thereof, thesolvate thereof, the tautomer thereof, the stereoisomer thereof, or themixture thereof, or the amount of the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer offormula (II), the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomerthereof, the stereoisomer thereof, or the mixture thereof, required toprovide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms withoutundue adverse side effects. In some embodiments, an appropriate“therapeutically effective amount” in an individual case is determinedusing techniques, such as a dose escalation study. It is understood that“an effect amount” or “a therapeutically effective amount” will bedependent on the composition administered, the mode of administration,the severity and type of the condition being treated, the subject beingtreated due to variation in gender, metabolism, age, body weight, andgeneral condition of the subject. In at least one embodiment, atherapeutically effective amount of the gold(I) complex of formula (I),the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomer thereof, thestereoisomer thereof, or the mixture thereof in a range of 1-300 mg/kg,preferably 20-200 mg/kg, more preferably 50-100 mg/kg is administeredper body weight of the subject. In at least one embodiment, atherapeutically effective amount of the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymerof formula (II), the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomerthereof, the stereoisomer thereof, or the mixture thereof in a range of1-400 mg/kg, preferably 20-300 mg/kg, more preferably 50-150 mg/kg isadministered per body weight of the subject.

The compositions described herein may be formulated in a single dose, oras divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, astwo, three, four or more sub-doses per day. In another embodiment, thecompositions may be administered in several doses at appropriateintervals. In some embodiments, the interval of time between eachadministration may be about 1-5 minutes, 10-30 minutes, 40-60 minutes,1-2 hours, 3-6 hours, 8-12 hours, 13-24 hours, 1-2 days, 2 days, 3 days,4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 15 weeks, 20 weeks,26 weeks, 52 weeks, 11-15 weeks, 15-20 weeks, 20-30 weeks, 30-40 weeks,40-50 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months,7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 1 year, 2years, or any period of time in between. Preferably, the composition isadministered once daily for at least 2 days, 4 days, 6 days or a week.

In at least one embodiment, the compositions described herein areadministered along with one or more additional therapies such asradiotherapy and surgery. In one embodiment, the compositions areadministered before and/or after radiotherapy at an interval of lessthan 12 hours, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6months, 1 year, 2 years, or 5 years. In another embodiment, thecomposition is administered before and/or after surgery at an intervalof less than 12 hours, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, or 5 years.

IC₅₀ values may be determined by cell viability assay methods such asATP test, Calcein AM assay, clonogenic assay, ethidium homodimer assay,Evans blue assay, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis/Propidium iodidestaining assay, flow cytometry, Formazan-based assays (MTT, XTT), greenfluorescent protein assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, methylviolet assay, propidium iodide assay, Resazurin assay, trypan blueassay, and TUNEL assay. In a preferred embodiment, a MTT assay is used.

In some embodiments, the cancer cells are derived from human cancer celllines, including, but are not limited to, colon cancer cell lines, e.g.,HCT15, MDST8, GP5d, HCT116, DLD1, HT29, SW620, SW403 and T84, lungcancer cell lines, e.g., A549, SHP-77, COR-L23/R, and NCI-H69/LX20,breast cancer cell lines, e.g., MDA-MB-231, MCF7, T47D, and VP303,cervical cancer cell Lines, e.g., HeLa DH, HtTA-1, HR5, and C-4I,ovarian cancer cell lines, e.g., A2780, A2780cis, OV7, and PEO23, andskin cancer cell lines, e.g., C32TG, A375, and MCC26. In otherembodiments, the cancer cells are collected from a human patient who isat risk of having, is suspected of having, has been diagnosed with, oris being monitored for recurrence of at least one type of cancer,preferably lung cancer, colon cancer, and/or breast cancer. In at leastone embodiment, cisplatin-resistant cancer cells are used. These cellsmay be generated by culturing cancer cells with low doses of cisplatinin order to build their resistance to cisplatin while maintaining cellviability. Examples of cisplatin-resistant cancer cells include, but arenot limited to, A549 cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells, MCF-7cisplatin-resistant breast cancer cells, A2780cis cisplatin-resistantovarian cancer cells, and SGC7901cis cisplatin-resistantgastrointestinal cancer cells.

In one embodiment, the IC₅₀ of the gold(I) complex of formula (I), thesalt thereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomer thereof, thestereoisomer thereof, or the mixture thereof against lung cancer cellsis in a range of 0.01-100 μM, preferably 1-70 μM, more preferably 30-40μM. In another embodiment, the IC₅₀ of the gold(I) complex of formula(I), the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomer thereof, thestereoisomer thereof, or the mixture thereof against colon cancer cellsis in a range of 0.01-100 μM, preferably 1-70 μM, more preferably 30-40μM. In another embodiment, the IC₅₀ of the gold(I) complex of formula(I), the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomer thereof, thestereoisomer thereof, or the mixture thereof against breast cancer cellsis in a range of 0.01-100 μM, preferably 1-80 μM, more preferably 30-60μM.

In one embodiment, the IC₅₀ of the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer offormula (II), the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomerthereof, the stereoisomer thereof, or the mixture thereof against lungcancer cells is in a range of 0.01-350 μM, preferably 1-100 μM, morepreferably 30-40 μM. In another embodiment, the IC₅₀ of the gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II), the salt thereof, the solvatethereof, the tautomer thereof, the stereoisomer thereof, or the mixturethereof against colon cancer cells is in a range of 0.01-300 μM,preferably 1-100 μM, more preferably 30-70 μM. In another embodiment,the IC₅₀ of the gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II), thesalt thereof, the solvate thereof, the tautomer thereof, thestereoisomer thereof, or the mixture thereof against breast cancer cellsis in a range of 0.01-150 μM, preferably 1-100 μM, more preferably 40-80μM.

In most embodiments, the method further comprises detecting a mutationin a cancer biomarker and/or measuring a concentration level of a cancerbiomarker before and after the administration. The term “biomarker”refers to a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated asan indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, orpharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. The term “cancerbiomarker” used herein refers to a substance secreted by a tumor or aprocess that is indicative of the presence of cancer in the body.Examples of cancer biomarkers include, but are not limited to HER2,BRCA1, BRCA2, Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), AFP-L3, DCP, CYFRA 21-1, EGFR(HER1), KRAS gene, and BRAF V600. Cancer biomarkers may be indicative ofa response towards a treatment. Examples of these indicative cancerbiomarkers include, without limitation, overexpressions of CEA, NSE,CYFRA-21-1, CA-125, and CA-199 for lung cancer, overexpressions of TYMS,mutations in genes p53 and KRAS for colon cancer, and mutations in genesBRCA1 and BRCA2 for breast cancer.

The mutation in the cancer biomarker in a sample may be detected byprocedures such as, without limitation, restriction fragment lengthpolymorphism (RFLP), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, multiplexligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), denaturing gradient gelelectrophoresis (DGGE), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP),hetero-duplex analysis, protein truncation test (PTT), andoligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA).

The concentration level of the cancer biomarker in a sample may bemeasured by an assay, for example an immunoassay. Typical immunoassaymethods include, without limitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT), Western blotting,immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunocytochemistry, immunostaining, andmultiple reaction monitoring (MRM) based mass spectrometric immunoassay.

The term “sample” used herein refers to any biological sample obtainedfrom the subject in need of treatment for cancer including a singlecell, multiple cells, a tissue sample, and/or body fluid. Specifically,the biological sample may include red blood cells, white blood cells,platelets, hepatocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, a skinbiopsy, a mucosa biopsy, an aliquot of urine, saliva, whole blood,serum, plasma, lymph. In some embodiments, the biological sample istaken from a tumor.

In some embodiments, the biomarkers are detected and/or measured aftereach administration. For example, the measurement may be 1-5 minutes,1-30 minutes, 30-60 minutes, 1-2 hours, 2-12 hours, 12-24 hours, 1-2days, 1-15 weeks, 15-20 weeks, 20-30 weeks, 30-40 weeks, 40-50 weeks, 1year, 2 years, or any period of time in between after theadministration.

In some embodiments, the administration is stopped once the subject istreated.

The examples below are provided to further illustrate protocols forsynthesis and characterization within the scope of the presentdisclosure, and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.

Example 1 Chemicals

Sodium tetrachloroaurate(III), sodium salts of di-alkyl/aryldithiocarbamates (dimethyl compound as monohydrate) and dimethylsulfidewere purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, Mo., United States).2-(Diphenylphosphino)ethylamine was obtained from Strem Chemicals Inc.(Newburyport, Mass., United States). All solvents including ethanol,diethyl ether and dichloromethane were purchased from Fluka AG, and wereused without further purification.

Example 2 Measurements

Elemental analyses were obtained on a Perkin Elmer Series 11 (CHNS/O),Analyzer 2400. The solid state FT-IR spectra of the ligands and theirgold(I) complexes were recorded on a Perkin Elmer FT-IR 180spectrophotometer using KBr pellets over the range of 4000-400 cm⁻¹.

¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL-LA 500 MHz NMRspectrophotometer, operating at 500.0 and 125.65 MHz, respectively,using TMS as an internal reference. The ¹³C NMR spectra were measuredwith ¹H broadband decoupling and spectral conditions: 32 k point data, 1s acquisition time, 2.5 s pulse delay, and 5.12 μs pulse width. ³¹P NMRspectra were obtained at 200.0 MHz using phosphoric acid as an externalstandard. All spectra were recorded at 297 K in CDCl₃.

Example 3

Synthesis of the Precursor Complex (CH₃)₂SAuCl

The precursor complex, (CH₃)₂SAuCl was synthesized by a procedurealready described in the literature (M. S. Hussain et al., J. Coord.Chem. 2000, 51, 225-234, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety). Yield 0.268 g, 90%. Anal. Calc. for C₂H₆SAuCl=294.55 g/mol:C, 8.35; H, 2.13. found C, 8.12; H, 1.83. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, ppm), δ 2.75(s, 6H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 25.3.

Example 4 Synthesis of [Au(AEP)]Cl (1)

A solution of (CH₃)₂SAuCl (0.147 g, 0.5 mmol) in 5 mL dichloromethanewas cooled to 5° C. and added dropwise to a solution of2-(diphenylphosphino)ethylamine (0.115 g, 0.5 mmol) in 5 mLdichloromethane. A clear colorless solution appeared which was stirredfor 1 hour and then filtered. The solution was concentrated by slowevaporation of solvent at room temperature. The product (1) was obtainedas a white to cream colored solid. It was recrystallized fromacetone/dichloromethane mixture and dried overnight in vacuum. The yieldwas 0.2 g (85%).

Analysis for 1 (C₁₄H₁₆AuClNP=461.68 g/mol), Calc.: C, 36.42; H, 3.39; N,3.03. Found: C, 35.90; H, 2.84; N, 3.36. IR (cm⁻¹) ν(N—H) 3431, 3354;ν(CH2) 2917_(asym), 2857_(sym), ν(C—H) 1310_(bend); ν(Ar—C═C) 1603;ν(N—C) 1432. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 4.03 (s, NH); 3.31, 3.17 (m, C(1)H,H′); 2.97, 2.73 (m, C(2)H, H′); 7.45-7.65 (m, 10H, C₅H₅). ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃, ppm) δ 37.65 C(1), 31.50 C(2), 129.28-133.26 C(C5H5). ³¹P NMR(CDCl₃, ppm) δ 21.39.

Example 5 Synthesis of [Au(AEP)₂]Cl (2)

The bis complex (2) was prepared by adding 0.115 g (0.5 mmol)2-(diphenylphosphino)ethylamine to 0.231 g (0.5 mmol) [Au(AEP)]Cl, 1(Au:AEP=1:2) in dichloromethane. A yellow solution appeared which wasstirred for 3 hours and then filtered. The solution was concentrated bylow evaporation of solvent at room temperature. A yellow solid (2) wasobtained that was recrystallized from acetone/dichloromethane and driedovernight in vacuum. The yield was 0.3 g (87%).

Anal. for 2 (C₂₈H₃₂AuClN₂P₂=690.68 g/mol), Calc.: C, 48.67; H, 4.67; N,4.05. Found: C, 47.89; H, 5.52; N, 4.04. IR (cm⁻¹) ν(N—H) 3421, 3332;ν(CH₂) 2909_(asym), 2852_(sym), ν(C—H) 1275_(bend); ν(Ar—C═C) 1566;ν(N—C) 1496. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 4.04, 3.13 (s, 2H, NH); 3.02, 2.85(m, C(1)H, H′); 2.56, 1.26 (m, C(2)H, H′); 7.33-7.74 (m, 20H, C₅H₅). ¹³CNMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 36.63 C(1), 28.57 C(2), 129.17-133.08 C(C₆H₅). ³¹PNMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 26.55.

Example 6

Synthesis of Gold(I)-Dithiocarbamate Complexes, [Au₂(R₂NCS₂)₂]_(n) (3-5)

To a solution of (CH₃)₂SAuCl (0.147 g, 0.5 mmol) in 10 mLdichloromethane was added 1 equivalent of respective dithiocarbamate in10 mL ethanol at room temperature with continuous stirring for 6h. Thereaction mixture was filtered off and the clear yellow solution was keptfor slow evaporation. A yellow solid was obtained for complexes 3 and 5,while for complex 4 orange needle-like crystals were obtained.

Example 7 Spectroscopic Analysis

The IR spectra for free ligands and complexes (2-5) are summarized inTable 1. The formation of gold(I)-dithiocarbamate complexes wasconfirmed by the presence of the ν(C—N) and ν(C—SS) absorption bands.The ν(C—N) band represented a carbon-nitrogen bond order intermediatebetween a single bond (ν=1360-1250 cm⁻¹) and a double bond (ν=1690-1640cm⁻¹) (M. Shahid et al., J. Coord. Chem. 2009, 62, 440-445; and M. Altafet al., J. Coord. Chem. 2010, 63, 1176-1185, each incorporated herein byreference in their entirety). The strong ν(C—N) vibration of thecomplexes 3-5 were assigned at 1483, 1480 and 1433 cm⁻¹, respectively.Hence, these frequency modes suggested a partial double bond characterdue to partial delocalization of electron density. For the (—C—SS)stretching, two bands of medium intensity were observed at 1100, 993cm⁻¹; 1098, 1067 cm⁻¹; and 1100, 1072 cm⁻¹ for 3, 4 and 5, respectively.The presence of these two bands was an indication of asymmetricalbidentate binding of dithiocarbamate ligands (R. Kellner et al., Inorg.Chim. Acta 1984, 84, 233, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety).

The ν(C—H) stretching vibrations of 3 and 4 were observed at 2990 and2970 cm⁻¹ respectively, while the ν(═C—H) mode of 5 fordibenzyldithiocarbamate was detected at 3082 cm⁻¹. The spectra ofphosphine complexes (1 and 2) displayed two bands in the region of1620-1550 cm⁻¹, which were assigned to ν(C═C) bands of the aromaticring.

In the ¹H NMR spectra of free ligands and their gold(I) complexes theNC—H resonances of 3, 4 and 5 appeared around 3.5, 4.0 and 5.3 ppm,respectively, as given in Table 2. The CH₂ protons of benzyl group werediastereotopic and therefore showed two signals. The aromatic protons of1, 2 and 5 were observed between 7-8 ppm. The aminoethyl group gaveresonances between 2-3 ppm. The ¹³C NMR spectra of gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymers showed significant upfield shifts with respectto free dithiocarbamate ligands. The CS₂ resonances of uncoordinateddithiocarbamate were observed in the range of 206-213 ppm, while incomplexes, they appeared in the range, 196-210 ppm. Similarly, inphosphine complexes, upfield shifts were also observed in aromatic andaminoethyl resonances. The ³¹P NMR chemical shifts for complexes 1 and 2showed significant shifts towards upfield region as shown in Table 3.

Anal. for 3 (Au₂(C₂H₆NCS₂)₂=634.37 g/mol), Calc.: C, 11.37; H, 2.06; N,3.85. Found: C, 11.36; H, 1.91; N, 4.42. IR (cm⁻¹) ν(C—H) 2990, ν(C—H)1375_(bend); ν(N—C) 1483; ν(C═S) 1100, 993. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 3.55(s, 6H, CH₃). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 196.12 —NCS₂(1), 46.64 C(2).

Anal. for 4 (Au₂(C₄H₁₀NCS₂)₂=690.47 g/mol), Calc.: C, 17.72; H, 2.56; N,3.88. Found: C, 17.39; H, 2.92; N, 4.06. IR (cm⁻¹) ν(C—H) 2970, ν(C—H)1377_(bend); ν(—CH₂) 2925_(asym), 2856_(sym); ν(—CH₂)_(bend), 1264;ν(N—C) 1480; ν(C═S) 1098, 1067. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 3.92 (t, 6H, CH₃),(t, 4H, CH ₂CH₃). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 205.58 —NCS₂(1), 49.35 C(2),12.20 C(3).

Anal. for 5 (Au₂(C₁₄H₁₄NCS₂)₂=926.74 g/mol), Calc.: C, 36.33; H, 2.56;N, 2.88. Found: C, 37.58; H, 3.05; N, 3.02. IR (cm⁻¹) ν(CH₂)2923_(asym), 2850_(sym), ν(C—H) 1265_(bend); ν(Ar—C═C) 1602; ν(N—C)1433; ν(C═S) 1100, 1072. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 4.85, 4.78 (d, 4H, CH₂),7.17-7.77 (m, 10H, C₅H₅). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, ppm) δ 210.80 —NCS₂ (1), 54.27C(2), 128.58-140.93 C(C₆H₅).

TABLE 1 Mid FT-IR frequencies (cm⁻¹) for free ligands and complexes(1-5) Free ligand/ Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Bend Stretch StretchStretch complex NH C—H ═C—H C—H(CH₂) C—H(CH₂) Ar(C═C) N—C C═S DMDTC —2952 — — — — 1488 926 DEDTC — 2948 — 2979 asym 1379 — 1466 986 DBDTC — —3099 2922 asym 1347 1600 1445 985 1 3431, 3354 — 3087 2917 asym 13106031 1432 — 2857 sym  2 3421, 3332 — 3085 2909asym  1275 1599 1496 —2852 sym  3 — — — 2990 asym 1485 — 1483 1100, 993  4 — 2970 2925 asym1264 — 1480 1098, 1067 2856 sym  5 2923 3082 2923 asym 1265 1602 14331100, 1076 2850 sym  DMDTC = dimethyldithiocarbamate DEDTC =diethyldithiocarbamate DBDTC = dibenzyldithiocarbamate

TABLE 2 ¹H NMR chemical shifts (ppm) for free ligands and gold(I)complexes (1-5) Free ligand/ complex H-1, H-1′ H-2, H-2′ H-4 H-5 NHAromatic-Hs DMDTC — — 3.35 — — — DEDTC — 3.93 1.13 — — DBDTC — — 5.31,4.77 — — 7.39, 7.32, 7.24 AEP 2.78, 2.77 2.19, 2.16 — — 1.3  7.40, 7.38,7.25 1 3.31, 3.17 2.97, 2.73 — — 4.03 7.65, 7.45 2 3.02, 2.85 2.56, 1.26— 4.04, 3.13 — 3 — — 3.55 — — — 4 — — 3.92 1.32 — — 5 — — 4.85, 4.78 — —7.77, 7.43, 7.32, 7.17

TABLE 3 ¹³C and ³¹P NMR chemical shifts (ppm) for free ligands andgold(I) complexes (1-5) Free ligand/ complex C-1* C-2 C-SS C-4 C-5Aromatic-Cs P³¹ DMDTC — — 208.3 46.7 — — — DEDTC — — 206.4 49.5 12.1 — —DBDTC — — 213.1 56.9 — — — AEP 38.9 32.6 — — — 137.2-127.5 −23.46   137.7 31.5 — — — 138.4-128.0 21.39 2 36.6 28.6 — — — 133.1-129.2 26.55 3— — 196.1 46.6 — — 4 — — 205.7 49.4 12.2 — — 5 — — 210.8 54.3 — — — *C-1represents carbon atom next to nitrogen

Example 8 MTT Assay for In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Complexes 1-5

The anticancer activity of complexes 1-5 was measured using a similartesting protocol reported earlier (M. Altaf et al., New J. Chem. 2015,39, 377-385, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) against apanel of representative human tumor cell lines, which included MCF7(human breast cancer), HCT15 (human colon adenocarcinoma) and A549(human lung carcinoma) cell lines. The cells were seeded at 3×10³cells/well in 100 μL DMEM containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) in96-well tissue culture plate and incubated for 72 h at 37° C., 5% CO₂ inair and 90% relative humidity in CO₂ incubator. After incubation, 100 μLof 50, 25 and 12.5 μM solutions of cisplatin and complexes 1-5 preparedin Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), were added to the cellsand the cultures were incubated for 24 h. The medium of wells wasdiscarded and 100 μL DMEM containing MTT (0.5 mg/mL) was added to thewells and incubated in CO₂ incubator at 37° C. in dark for 4 h. Afterincubation, a purple colored formazan produced in the cells appeared asdark crystals in the bottom of the wells. The culture medium wasdiscarded from each well carefully to prevent disruption of monolayerand 100 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added in each well. Thesolution in the wells was thoroughly mixed to dissolve the formazancrystals which produce a purple solution. The absorbance of the 96well-plates was taken at 570 nm with Lab systems Multiskan EX ELISAreader against a reagent blank. The experimental results were presentedas micro-mole concentration of 50% cell growth inhibition (IC₅₀) of eachcompound. The MTT assay was performed in three independent experiments.

Example 9 In Vitro Cytotoxic Activities of Gold(I) Complexes 1-5

The synthesized gold(I)-phosphine complexes (1 and 2),gold(I)-dithiocarbamates (3-5) and cisplatin (standard classicalanticancer drug) were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against A549,MCF7 and HCT15 human cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Thedose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation was obtained by specificincrease in concentration of tested compounds against fixed number ofthree human cancer cell lines. The graphical representations of resultsare given in FIGS. 8-10. The IC₅₀ values obtained from the curve of theconcentration versus percentage of cell viability are given in Table 4.It could be seen that the IC₅₀ values of complexes 2, 4 and 5(34.42±1.02, 19.56±0.85, 29.25±1.81 μM respectively) for A549 cells werelower than that of cisplatin (42.2±2.01 μM). These results suggestedthat the anticancer effect of these compounds was better than thatexhibited by cisplatin. The antiproliferative potential of 2 and 4 forHCT15 cells was also comparable to cisplatin, while for MCF7 cells itwas about half with respect to cisplatin. The complex 3 was much lesspotent as compared to cisplatin. Its IC₅₀ values were the highest amongthe investigated complexes and showing that it was the least effectivefor all the studied cells. The complex 4 was the most active among theseries against all three cell lines. The highest activity of 4 might beattributed to the strong binding of dithiocarbamate sulfur to gold(I)that would prevent it to interact with plasma proteins in tissues,unlike cisplatin which was strongly bound to plasma proteins throughsulfur atoms of thiols (S. Ahmad, Chem. Biodiv. 2010, 7, 543-566,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). It had also beenobserved that the gold-dithiocarbamates were more effective for A549cells, while gold-phosphine complexes exhibited greater cytotoxicityagainst MCF7 cells. These findings suggested that the activity of thecomplexes depended on the types of cancer cells along with the structureand composition of the complexes.

TABLE 4 IC₅₀ values (μM) of cisplatin and gold(I) complexes (1-5)against HCT15, A549 and MCF7 cancer cell lines. Complex HCT15 A549 MCF7cisplatin 32.00 ± 2.12 42.20 ± 2.01 23.25 ± 3.79 1 51.21 ± 0.83 53.97 ±0.94 38.34 ± 0.22 2 34.19 ± 2.49 34.42 ± 1.02 51.73 ± 2.25 3 256.63 ±3.39  304.17 ± 5.9  138.82 ± 4.51  4 38.92 ± 2.38 19.56 ± 0.85 48.75 ±1.96 5 69.07 ± 3.35 29.25 ± 1.81 76.32 ± 2.52

1: A gold(I) complex of formula (I):

or a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, a tautomer thereof, a stereoisomerthereof, or a mixture thereof; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ areindependently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, anoptionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, anoptionally substituted alkoxy, an optionally substituted aryl, anoptionally substituted arylalkyl, an optionally substituted alkanoyl, anoptionally substituted aroyl, a halogen, a cyano, and a nitro; R₅, R₆,R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, and anoptionally substituted arylalkyl; and X is an anion. 2: The gold(I)complex of formula (I) of claim 1, wherein the anion is a halide ion, atrifluoromethanesulfonate ion, a hexafluorophosphate ion, atetrafluoroborate ion, or a perchlorate ion. 3: The gold(I) complex offormula (I) of claim 1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀,R₁₁, and R₁₂ are a hydrogen, and X is Cl. 4: A composition comprising:the gold(I) complex of formula (I) of claim 1; and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and/or excipient. 5: The composition of claim 4,which comprises 0.01-100 μM of the gold(I) complex relative to the totalvolume of the composition. 6: The composition of claim 4, wherein thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient is at least oneselected from the group consisting of an organic solvent, an inorganicsalt, a surfactant, and a polymer. 7: A method of treating cancer,comprising administering the composition of claim 4 to a subject in needof therapy. 8: The method of claim 7, wherein the cancer is resistant tocisplatin. 9: The method of claim 7, wherein the cancer is at least oneselected from the group consisting of lung cancer, colon cancer, andbreast cancer. 10: The method of claim 7, wherein 1-300 mg/kg of gold(I)complex of formula (I) is administered per body weight of the subject.11: A gold(l) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II):

or a salt thereof, a solvate thereof a tautomer thereof; a stereoisomerthereof; or a mixture thereof; wherein R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ areindependently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, anoptionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, anoptionally substituted aryl, and an optionally substituted arylalkyl; nis an integer between 2-10000; and with the proviso that R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅,and R₁₆ are not each an ethyl. 12: The gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymerof formula (II) of claim 11, wherein R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ areindependently an optionally substituted alkyl or an optionallysubstituted arylalkyl. 13: The gold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer offormula (II) of claim 1, wherein R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are a methyl ora benzyl. 14: A composition comprising: the gold(I) dithiocarbamatepolymer of formula (II) of claim 11; and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and/or excipient. 15: The composition of claim 14, wherein thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient is at least oneselected from the group consisting of an organic solvent, an inorganicsalt, a surfactant, and a polymer. 16: The composition of claim 14,which comprises 0.01-100 μM of the gold(l) dithiocarbamate polymer offormula (II) relative to the total volume of the composition. 17: Amethod of treating cancer, comprising: administering a gold(I)dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II),

or a salt thereof, a solvate thereof, a tautomer thereof, a stereoisomerthereof, or a mixture thereof, to a subject in need of therapy, wherein:R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, and R₁₆ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, and anoptionally substituted arylalkyl; and n is an integer between 2-10000.18: The method of claim 17, wherein the cancer is resistant tocisplatin. 19: The method of claim 17, wherein the cancer is at leastone selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, colon cancer, andbreast cancer. 20: The method of claim 17, wherein 1-400 mg/kg ofgold(I) dithiocarbamate polymer of formula (II) is administered per bodyweight of the subject.